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Characteristics
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NCI (n = 80)
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CIND (n = 160)
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AD (n = 113)
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VaD (n = 31)
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p value
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|---|
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Demographic and disease variables
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Age, years, mean (SD)
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68.8 (6.3)
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72.0 (8.1)*
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76.2 (7.7)*†
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72.9 (8.8)
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< 0.001
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Female, no.(%)
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41 (51.3)
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80 (50.0)
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77 (68.1)
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11 (35.5)
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0.002
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Education ≤ primary, no.(%)
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25 (31.3)
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83 (51.9)
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30 (26.6)
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14 (45.2)
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< 0.001
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APOE4 carrier, no.(%)
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14 (17.5)
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49 (30.6)
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40 (35.4)
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8 (25.8)
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0.051
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Hypertension, no.(%)
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45 (56.3)
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109 (68.1)
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90 (79.7)
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31 (100.0)
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< 0.001
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Diabetes, no.(%)
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18 (22.5)
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55 (34.4)
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47 (41.6)
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16 (51.6)
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0.01
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Cardiovascular disease, no.(%)
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5 (6.3)
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26 (16.3)
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21 (18.6)
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12 (38.7)
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0.001
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Hyperlipidemia, no.(%)
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54 (67.5)
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121 (75.6)
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82 (72.6)
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29 (93.6)
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0.04
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Blood-based markers
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IL-6, pg/mL, median (IQR)
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0.79 (2.5)
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1.10 (2.4)
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1.59 (2.3)
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1.75 (2.9)
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0.063
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IL-8, pg/mL, median (IQR)
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4.48 (1.9)
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5.20 (3.6)‡
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5.65 (4.0)‡
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5.68 (4.7)‡
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< 0.001
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TNF, pg/mL, median (IQR)
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4.05 (2.9)
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4.47 (2.8)
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5.28 (3.5)‡§
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5.98 (4.0)‡§
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< 0.001
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d16:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR)
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58.2 (31)
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55.4 (25)‡
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53.1 (24)‡
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49.9 (14)‡§
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0.007
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d17:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR)
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17.4 (5.4)
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16.6 (6.0)
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15.7 (6.5)
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16.2 (4.2)
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0.486
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d18:0 S1P, nM, median (IQR)
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60.1 (19.9)
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60.9 (20.1)
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62.5 (21.0)
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66.1 (29.5)
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0.607
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d18:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR)
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483.2 (134)
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484.9 (157)
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483.1 (189)
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582.2 (256)
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0.127
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d18:1 to d16:1 ratio, median (IQR)
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8.5 (3.9)
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9.6 (5.0)‡
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9.8 (5.3)‡
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11.5 (5.2)‡§#
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< 0.001
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- Bold texts indicate p values for significant tests by one-way ANOVA (age); chi-square (gender, primary education, APOE carrier, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia); Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (blood-based markers)
- NCI non-cognitive impairment, CIND cognitive impairment no dementia, S1P sphingosine-1-phosphate, n number of cases, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range
- *Significantly different from NCI (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni tests p < 0.05)
- †Significantly different from CIND (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni tests p < 0.05)
- #Significant chi-square tests (p < 0.05)
- ‡Significantly different from NCI (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn’s tests p < 0.05)
- §Significantly different from CIND (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn’s tests p < 0.05)
- #Significantly different from AD (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn’s tests p < 0.05)
